Singhal Silica Udyog
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Pure Natural Minerals

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Clay & Minerals

ramming-mass

Acidic Ramming Mass

Nature - Acidic

Melting - upto 3274°F (1700°C).

Acidic Ramming Mass is used in the lining of induction furnaces. Quality of Acidic Ramming mass is directly related to the heating performance of the furnaces. Better quality of lining results in the smooth working of furnaces, optimum output and better metallurgical control. Granulometric Composition Of Commercial.
It is largely used in the boilder that are operating of HUSK / COAL / PET COKE.

Silica Ramming Mass Size Percentage:-

  • 4 mm to 1 mm
  • 33%
  • 1 mm to 0.20 mm
  • 30%
  • 0.20 mm to 0.06 mm
  • 17%
  • 0.06mm & Below
  • 20%

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  • Our Acidic Ramming Mass is manufactured under strict supervision of qualified and experienced work force. Proper check is exercised on magnetic process to assure iron free Acidic Ramming Mass and to assure proper composition of granules according to furnace capacity.
  • Furnace Specific Benefits: We are the only manufacturer to give material as per the furnace capacity and make of the user. The granulation of the mix are optimized keeping in view the furnace make and capacity, thus giving maximum and best results.
  • Ramming mix is characterized by thermal stability, corrosion resistance and wear resistance because it contains less binders, fire clay and moisture compared to plastic refractories. Recommended for lining the iron melting coreless induction furnace. Premixed with binder to customer's specifications. Maximum recommended use limit- 3274°F (1700°C).
ball-clay

Ball Clay

We formulate the purest form of ball clay which comes under the category of kaoline group of clays and is formed by the process of weathering or hydrothermal alternation of felspatic rocks. As per the requirement of the clients, we also produce supreme quality china clay, ball clay or raw clay, washed clay and calcined clay. These can be used for both paints and ceramics.

Properties of ball clay are :


  • Lowers the crack tendency
  • Improves shock resistance
  • Enhances surface quality
  • Improves properties such as; good process ability, low mill sticking and uniform cure rates

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Barytes or Bariuam Sulhate

We offer the purest form of barium sulphates that are produced from barite and are well recognized for its special features such as high bulk density and inertness to both acids and alkalies. Apart from this, these barium sulphates are applicable for various industrial purposes.

Properties of ball clay are :


  • Lowers the crack tendency
  • Improves shock resistance
  • Enhances surface quality
  • Improves properties such as; good process ability, low mill sticking and uniform cure rates

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The Product is a natural Barium Sulphate having excellent whiteness. It finds wide spread use as a heavy inert filler due to its high bulk density, insolubility in water, resistance to acids and alkalies, low abrasiveness and high refractive index. It is good extender for primers having good filling properties and provides high chemical resistance and smoothness to under coats.

APPLICATIONS

  • Paints
  • Ceramics
  • Rubber
  • Linoleum Flooring
TYPICAL PHYSIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BARYTES
  • Property
  • Bulk Density
  • Whiteness (Compared to MgO)
  • Moisture
  • Water Absorption
  • pH of 2% acqueous slurry
  • Specific Gravity
  • Refrective Index
  • BaSO4
  • SiO2
  • Fe2 O3
  • Residue on 500 mesh
  • Average Particle Size
  • Packing
  • Unit
  • gm/cc
  • %
  • %max
  • %
  • --
  • --
  • --
  • %
  • %max
  • %
  • %max
  • micron
  • Kgs/bag
  • Value
  • 1.4-1.6
  • 96±2
  • 0.5
  • 12-15
  • 9.2-9.5
  • 4.2
  • 1.63
  • 98-99
  • 0.2
  • 0.02-0.05
  • 0.5
  • 4-5
  • 25
boiler sand

Boiler Sand / Bed Material

The boiler sand that we supply for FBC operation is just free (SUPER WASHED) dry and carry over is minimum because of correct sizing of bad material, as compared to any other bed material for F.B.C. opeation.
It is largely used in the boilder that are operating of HUSK / COAL / PET COKE.

Size of bed material:-

  • FOR HUSK
  • 0.5mm to 1.5mm
  • FOR COAL
  • 1.0mm to 2.0mm
  • FOR PET COKE
  • 2.0mm to 3.0mm

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Calcite Crystals

Calcite Crystals

Our comprehensive range of calcite crystals are pure in nature and are widely used for several other purposes. These are calcite powder and natural calcium carbonate and are available in micronise & 300 to 500 in mesh size. Also, calcite crystals are used for thermoplastic application as it is highly compatible with polymers and other organic additives. The supreme quality of calcite is available in Rajasthan. It sometimes acts as a spacing extender and increases efficiency of pigment TiO2.

Following are the features of calcite crystals :

  • Purity
  • High whiteness
  • Free flowing in nature
  • Bio-organic origin

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Calcite Micronized

MICRONIZED ULTRAWHITE NATURAL CALCIUM CARBONATE

Microcal is an ultrawhite micronized natural Calcium Carbonate, for achieving best results at higher loadings in various applications. The product has exceptionally high whiteness and free flowing characteristic and facilitates enhanced processing characteristics at higher loadings. The product is manufactured from high purity mineral of limestone family. The particle structure is spherical and microcrystalline. The product is micronized in latest grinding equipment based on German technology. The product is available in various particle sizes depending on customers requirement.

QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM

To offer better quality products the quality is assured at following levels -


MINING
  • Manual sorting to ensure maximum whiteness in lumps.
  • Chemical analysis at mines before despatch to works.

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Micronizing

  • Qualified engineers and production personnel to ensure consistency of processing parameters.
  • Fully equipped analytical laboratory at each works for
  • --Particle size analysis.
  • --Tests for physical properties like Bulk density, Oil absorption, Brightness etc.

Central Testing & Q. C.

  • Central lab at headquarter to certify the product, as per the quality standard acceptable in domestic and global market.

UNIQUENESS OF PRODUCT

  • Unmatchable optical brightness, facilitating reduction in dosage of costly white pigments.
  • Extremely suitable particle - size distribution to ensure better dispersion and excellent physical properties (e.g. increased impact strength) in various polymers/plastics applications.
  • Absolutely grit-free ensuring long long life of processing machinery as no wear and tear occurs.
  • Uninterrupted and smooth production and uniform quality of product.

APPLICATIONS

Plastics
    As a functional filler in -
  • PVC, HDPE, PP, Eproxy
  • Polyester, Polyurethane, ABS, Polystyrene and other polymer
Paints
    As an extender in-
  • Emulsion Paints
  • Powder Coating
  • Alkyd Paints

Paper

As a filler in the body or for surface coating.

OTHER APPLICATIONS

  • PVC Pipes
  • Master Batches
  • CHEMICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF CALCITE MICRONIZED

    • Property
    • Whiteness
    • Bulk Density*
    • Oil absorption
    • pH Value
    • Moisture
    • Total Carbonates
    • Total Silicates
    • Free Silica
    • Other Oxides
    • Packing
    • Unit
    • %
    • gm/cc
    • %
    • ---
    • % max
    • % min
    • % max
    • % max
    • % max
    • Kgs/bag
    •  
    • 92-96
    • 0.8-1.2
    • 20-24
    • 8.5-9.5
    • 0.2
    • 98
    • 0.2
    • 0.08
    • 0.2
    • 25

    China Clay/Kaolin

    ABOUT THE PRODUCT

    China Clay, which falls under the Kaolinite group of clays is formed by weathering or hydrothermal alteration of felspathic rocks. It has the general formula Al 2 ,(Si 2 O 5 )(OH) 4 . It is a hydrated alumino-silicate having sheet structure. Free Silica (grit) is the most undesirable impurity and is removed during processing by levigation, sedimentation or air-separation.

    DEPOSITS

    High grade china clay deposits are present in West Bengal, Orissa, Rajasthan, M.P. & Gujarat. First we collect the samples from various mines which is analysed for composition and physical and chemical properties and its suitability for various applications is then studied. Moreover, sustained availability of the material with no variation from mines is given utmost importance to ensure consistency in final product.



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    Processing

    The raw china clay is subject to a refining process including spiral classification, hydrocycloning, deflocculation, bleaching and finally drying, micronizing, air-classification and surface treatment. Our processing ensures consistent composition, control of top-cut and average particle size and freedom from free silica.
    Our quality assurance system extends from mining to micronizing to ensure near-Zero-defect products :-

    Mining

    • We first manually sort out the lumps so as to recover white lumps.
    • On site chemical analysis is done before despatch to our factories.

    Micronizing

    • Test for physical properties like Bulk density, Oil absorption, Whiteness etc.
    • Particle - size distribution analysis.

    Surface Treatment

    • Testing of hydrophobicity, oil absorption and uniformity of coating.

    Quality Test Certification

    • Quality Test Certificate is provided to customers, certifying values within specifications.

    Services

    • Just-in-time inventory management support by despatch from ready stock.
    • Before sales technical feedback and problem solving in collaboration with the customer by our technical service engineers.
    • After sales services & trouble-shooting by the sales & service engineers.
    dolomite

    Dolomite Powder

    Dolomite is a double carbonate rock with composition of Calcium & Magnesium. Dolomite is harder and denser than the calcite form of calcium carbonate or limestone.

    Snow White Dolomite Powder

    We are manufacturing snow white grade Dolomite Powder. This exclusive grade is available near Udaipur only. The whiteness of this grade is upto 98%.


    The chemical Composition of Dolomite Powder is as under
    • Caco
    • 3 48% to 53%
    • Mgco
    • 3 34% to 38%
    • Silica
    • 4% to 5%

    (Less silica dolomite is also available)

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    Burnt Dolomite Powder Calcined Dolomite

    We are also manufacturing burnt dolomite powder. The burnt dolomite powder has the higher percentage of Mgo and Cao. The

    Specification is as under:-

    • Cao
    • 50% to 55%
    • Mgo
    • 30% to 35%

    Burnt Dolomite Powder:

    The Burnt dolomite is a result of Calcinations of Natural Dolomite Lumps which contains 50% to 55% Cac03 and 37% to 40% Mgc03. After burning The calcium oxide contains becomes 50% to 55% and Magnesium Contains 30% to 38%. We have given it name of Dolo Lime powder

    "Dolomitic" Limestone Calcinations CaCO3 . MgCO3 + Heat ---> CaO . MgO + 2CO2 Contant

    Percentage

    • MgO
    • 35%
    • CaD
    • 55%
    • SiO2
    • 2%
    • R2O3
    • 2%

    Uses:

    • Antacids (neutralizes stomach acid).
    • Fertilizers (dolomite added as soil nutrient).
    • Ceramic glazes on china and other dinnerware (dolomite is used as source of magnesia and calcia).
    • Gypsum impressions from which dental plates are made (magnesium carbonate).
    • Glass (used for high refractive optical glass).
    • Mortar and cement
    • Plastics, rubbers, and adhesives
    Feldspar

    Feldspar

    • Feldspar is a group of mineral silicates of much importance as rock-constituents. Feldspar is much used in the manufacture of porcelain by reason of its fusibility. We manufacture and supply felspar, which is pure, and natural that cater to the needs of various industries.
    • Its an abundant group of rock-forming minerals which constitute 60% of the earth's crust. Chemically the feldspars are silicates of aluminum, containing sodium, potassium, iron, calcium, or barium or combinations of these elements. Feldspar is found in association with all rock types, including granite, gneiss, basalt, and other crystalline rocks, and are essential constituents of most igneous rocks.
    • Feldspar minerals are essential components in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, to such an extent that the classification of a number of rocks is based upon feldspar content. The mineralogical composition of most feldspars can be expressed in terms of the ternary system Orthoclase (KAlSi3O8), Albite (NaAlSi3O8) and Anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8). Chemically, the feldspars are silicates of aluminium, containing sodium, potassium, iron, calcium, or barium or combinations of these elements.

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    Fire Clay

    Fire Clay

    Fire clay is used in the manufacture of ceramics, especially fire brick. It has refractory characteristics. There are two types of fire clay: flint clay and plastic fire clay. We provide fine quality of fire clay which cater to the requirements of our clients. It is used to make pipes and sanitary ware.

    Chemical and physical charactor reference:

    AL2O3% 25-27% Fe2O3% 7-9% SiO2% 50-60%
    Water absorption 25% Cold crushing strength MPa 23MPA Apparent Porosity% 28%
    Bulk density g/cm3 2.2 Refractoriness 1700
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    Color according to customer's requirements, now, there are more than 10 different color available
    Application: Paving road, garden wall, parking-lots, squares, walkways, home yards
    Packing: Pallet with stretching film, as 288pcs/pallet, 144pcs/pallet, 200pcs/pallet, 75pcs/pallet.
    Features: Resisting and durable, High-quality granular formulation surface, Easy to install, replace and maintenance, etc.
    Generally speaking, we always supply brick according to Customer's individual request

    lime stone

    Lime Stone

    Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed of the mineral calcite. We manufacture high quality limestone, quick lime and hydrated lime powder. It is used in cement, paint, fertilizers, ceramic and glass.

    Chemical analysis Per(%) : Oxides

    • Oxides
    • Percentage
    • Oxides
    • Percentage
    • L.O.I
    • 43.1
    • Sio2
    • 0.19
    • AL203
    • 0.11
    • Fe203
    • 0.09
    • CAO
    • 55.77
    • Mgo
    • 0.06
    • SO3
    • 0.09
    • K20
    • 0.11
    • Na2O
    • 0.18
    • TiO2
    • 0.08
    • MnO2
    • 0.01
    • P2O3
    • 0.01
    • CL
    • 0.10
    • -
    • -
    • TOTAL
    • 99.36
    • TOTAL
    • 00.59
    GRAND TOTAL : 99.95

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    Uses

    • The manufacture of quicklime (calcium oxide) and slaked lime (calcium hydroxide)
    • Pulverized limestone is used as a soil conditioner to neutralize acidic soil conditions
    • Crushed for use as aggregate?the solid base for many roads
    • Geological formations of limestone are among the best petroleum reservoirs
    • As a reagent in desulfurizations
    • Glass making
    • Toothpaste
    • Added to bread as a source of calcium
    • Cement and mortar
    Mica Powder

    Mica Powder

    We offer mica powder that is ground to (-) 100 mesh.

    • Used as additives and as fillers by many industries

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    Quartz Sand

    We offer the purest range of quartz sand that comprises of quartz mineral which automatically forms SiO2. It is an important raw material used in our unit. With the help of magnetic separators, we are successful in removing any type of foreign impurity. Apart from domestic market, we are also catering to different parts of the globe.

    Application areas :


    • Glass
    • Casting
    • Pottery and other refractories

    Features of quartz sand are :


    • High quality
    • Low iron content
    • Low level of contaminating metal oxides
    • Available in size of 30 x 80 and 20 x 60

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    Red Ocher Powder

    Red Ocher is a dye obtained from an impure earthy ore of iron or ferruginous, usually red (hematite) or yellow (limonite). In addition to being the principal ore of iron, hematite is a constituent of a number of abrasives and pigments.

    Quality Aspect

    Holding uniqueness in our business we also deal in supply of quality red ocher powder with high hematite content.

    Application

    • Natural gas and oil well drilling.
    • Paints & Dyes
    • Ceramics
    • Animal feed
    • Fertilizer
    • Brake Lining
    • Cement

    Available Types

    Powder form (150-500 Mess BSS)

    Packing

    Packing available in 25 & 50 Kg HDPE Bags or as per customer requirements.

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    Sillimanite

    Rutile Sand and Powder

    Red Ocher is a dye obtained from an impure earthy ore of iron or ferruginous, usually red (hematite) or yellow (limonite). In addition to being the principal ore of iron, hematite is a constituent of a number of abrasives and pigments.

    • Used in manufacturing ferro-alloys.
    • Used in manufacturing welding fluxes.

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    Sillimanite Sand and Powder

    Sillimanite Sand and Powder

    We offer sillimanite sand and powder.
    This is used in manufacturing ceramic bodies.

    • Good refractory with high heat transfer coefficient. Does replace Zircon in smaller castings

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    silica sand

    Silica Sand

    Silica sand for glass, Silica sand for crystal, Silica sand for foundry, Silica sand for painting, Silica Sand for oil and gas ,Silica Sand for Stamped concrete ,Silica Sand for water filtration ,Silica Sand for gulf Course, Silica Sand for water treatment, Silica sand for plastering ,Silica Sand for sand plastering and for many many uses.etc

    We offer a comprehensive range of silica sand which is mainly produced by crushing sand stone or quartzite of open texture, and then washing and grading it to yield requisite grain distribution. Also, we obtain silica flour by the process of crushing, grinding and washing high quality of quartz, quartzite rocks or from white silica sand.

    Chemical Composition :

    General impurities of silica sand are iron oxide, aluminium oxides and lime.

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    Chemical Analysis

    • Parameters
    • SiO2
    • Fe2O3
    • Al2O3
    • CaO
    • MgO
    • Clay
    • CaCo3
    • Moisture
    • Loss on Ignition
    • pH
    • Bulk Density
    • Density
    • Result
    • >99.3 %
    • >300 ppm Max
    • 2500 ppm Max
    • 250 ppm Max
    • 50 ppm Max
    • 0.3 % Max
    • 0.5 % Max
    • <0.1 % Max
    • <0.3 % Max
    • Neutral
    • 1.56 Appr.
    • 2.65 gm/cc

    Physical Characteristics :

    • Sandstone is a friable & hard
    • grain size of the particles is variable
    • It is friable & mainly brown to grey in color

    Specifications :

    • Glass making sand IS 488 - 1963.
    • Indian Standard for silica sand used for glass making

    Grades :

    • Special Grade: intended for the manufacture of high grade color less glass such as; Crystal Glass, tableware & other decorative wares
    • Grade1. Intended for the manufacture of decolorized glassware, such as containers.

    APPLICATIONS OF SILICA SAND

      Field of application:
    • For decoration plaster;
    • For fine concrete and polymer concrete;
    • For blinding of sport grounds and homestead lands;
    • For flooring of working rooms;
    • For filter materials for potable water and industrial flowing;
    • Blinding for ruberoid;
    • Removal corrosion from metal;
    • Making enamel, lacquers and paints;
    • For production glass, fiber-glass;
    • Form for foundry industry production;
    • For steel making;
    • Refractory materials making;
    • Sand for brake system of locomotives and railways cars;
    • For aquarium decoration.

    DRY GRADED HIGH-SILICA SANDS

    (moisture content no more than 0.1%)

    High-silica sand Grain distribution


    • Grade to 0.4 / 0.63 mm
    • Grade from 0.4 to 0.8 mm
    • Grade from 0.63 to 1.6 mm
    • Grade from 0.6 to 1.2 mm
    • Grade from 1.0 to 1.4 mm
    • Grade from 1.2 to 2.4 mm
    • Grade from 1.4 to 3.0 mm
    • Grade from 2.0 to 5.0 mm
    • Grade from 2.5 to 3.5 mm
    • Grade from 2.4 to 5.0 mm
    Evaluation of grain distribution by client is possible
    soap stone

    Soap Stone

    Soapstone (also known as steatite or soaprock) is a metamorphic rock, a talc-schist. It is largely composed of the mineral talc and is rich in magnesium. It is produced by dynamo thermal metamorphism, which occurs at the areas where tectonic plates are subducted, changing rocks by heat and pressure, with influx of fluids, but without melting. It has been a medium for carving for thousands of years.

    Current Uses:


    In addition to soapstone’s traditional uses, it is currently used for stair treads, balusters, sills, island tops and mixing bowls. Because of its unparalleled heat retention characteristics, it is the perfect choice for cookware, cook tops, oven floors, masonry heaters and fireplace liners. After soapstone is initially heated from burning wood, pellets or coal, it slowly radiates the heat evenly for hours – even after the fire is out. Soapstone can also be used for carving and sculpture.

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    Talc

    • ELECTRIC INSULATORS - PAPER INDUSTRY
    • TALC POWDER FOR CHILDREN - COSMETICS
    • TEXTILE AND RAYON INDUSTRY - RICE MILLS INDUSTRY
    • TANNERY INDUSTRY - PAINTS AND DYEING INDUSTRY
    • MEDICAL INDUSTRY - INSECTICIDE INDUSTRY
    • PLASTIC INDUSTRY - RUBBER INDUSTRY - PENCILS INDUSTRY

    It mainly contains hydrated magnesium silicates and is found in the shape of lenses or veins inside the rocky base, especially the base and upper-base veins. The dimensions of raw bodies amount to 80 m. high and 50 m. wide and range from 20 m. to 5 m. in thickness. The reserve of it is estimated to be 365 thousand tons.
    Talc is used for different purposes and the usage of it is limited to the type of the material and the level of its quality. It is used in the making of paints, papers, pottery, ceramics, insecticides, textiles, cosmetics, soap, rubber and greasing. It can also be mixed up with asbes tos to make boards and coat walls.
    Cobalt zamibia bismuth china korea selenium korea cadmium mexico korea rare earth Tellurium japan

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    ball-clay

    Wollastonite

    WOLLASTONITE IS one of the latest minerals added to the list of industrial minerals being mined and marketed today. Its industrial applications are gradually growing.
    It is a metasilicate of calcium crystallizing in monoclinic system, occurring as aggregates of bladed or needle-like crystals. When powdered to 325 mesh, it gives a natural brightness averaging 92 on the Hunter reflectometer. Its specific gravity 2.8 to 2.9 and melting point 1512ºC. It is found as a metamorphic mineral associated with garnet in metamorphosed limestone. The industrial value of wollastonite depends upon its freedom from impurities. The commercial deposits are worked only in the USA where it is mined on a limited scale.

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    • Hardness
    • 4 to 4.5
    • Associated Minerals
    • Calcite Quartz Diopside
    • Chemical/Typical composition
    • Cao......48.28%
      SiO2 ......51.72%
    • Colour
    • White Colorless
      gray
    • characteristics
    • Soluble in hydrochloric acid and some specimens will fluoresce
    • Luster
    • vitreous or dull to pearly on cleavage surfaces
    • Streak
    • crystal habit, cleavage, solubility in HCl, fluorescence if present, softness and environment of formation.

    Industrial Applications

    The single largest use of wollastonite is in the ceramics industry where it is used as a principal ingredient in the ceramic bodies required for the manufacture of floor and wall tiles. It is also utilized as an additive in ceramic bodies and glazes. Wollastonite fires white to gray, matures at a slightly lower firing temperature than most conventional ceramic bodies and can be fired at a faster rate. The firing temperature is 991ºC to 1196ºC. It has been reported that certain wollastonite bodies can be fired along with the glazes thus eliminating a second firing.
    It is used as a filller in paint and paper and many other products. In metallurgy, it is used as a welding rod coating, to control the viscosity of the slag and alloying agents. A suitable mixture of finely pulverized wollastonite with china-clay improves the properties of the clay to be used for paper-coating. It is found to increase the strength of Portland cement when mixed as an additive.
    Wollastonite is still to take the chemical field though the prospects are quite good. The mineral has been found to react readily with various acids like sulphuric, phosphoric and hydrochloric acids and with alkalies such as soda ash. Certain types of pastes have been produced by dissolving the mineral in some proportions of sulphuric and phosphoric acids. These pastes possess a good hiding and oil absorption power. It is certain that many more new uses of wollastonite will be developed soon. Its latest use is in the manufacture of mineral wool.

    World Resources

    The chief commercial deposits are found in about 35 different localities in California and near Willsboro, Essex county, New York. The deposit is in a hilly area of pre-Cambrian limestone on the northwest flank of the Adirondack mountains. This deposit has been known since 1810. It has been systematically developed since 1951, when a milling plant was set up at Willsboro and the industrial utilization of wollastonite began.
    In California it is worked only in the Big Maria and Little Maria mountains about 32 km. north of Blythe, Riverside county. The beds of wollastonite are found associated with Paleozoic limestone. The thickness of individual beds varies from a few metres to 150 metres. The deposit is exploited mainly for the manufacture of mineral wool.
    A new deposit situated only 80 km. south of Nairobi in the kajiado district, Kenya, has been discovered with possible reserves of 1,000,000 tibbesm assaying from 45 to 50% wollastonite. It is found interbedded with crystalline limestone and withna calcite gangue.
    Not so common in Sweden, but can be found in a number of Swedish lime mines.

    Other places of occurrences
    • Tennbergs and Wikströms mine outside Ludvika.
    • Algfallet outside Kopparberg.
    • Gasgruvan lime mine, Persberg.
    • Anggruvan, Nordmark.
    • Tennbetgets lime mine, Grangesberg.
    • Hönsarvsbergets lime mine, Borlänge.
    • Alnon, Sundsvall.
    • Thalainen limestone quarry, Lappenranta, Finland. Up to 25% of the rock.

    Geological Formation

    Wollastonite can be formed in nature in a variety of ways, however for commercial deposits it is generally accepted that there are two methods of formation. Both involve metamorphism (heat and pressure) of limestones (calcite).
    In silica (quartz) bearing limestones, silica and calcite react to form wollastonite. This commonly occurs through contact metamorphism as a result of intrusive igneous activity.
    Wollastonite can also form by the passage of highly siliceous hydrothermal solutions through limestone beds or zones. These siliceous solutions generally result from local intrusive igneous activity.
    Groundwater heated by the local intrusion dissolves large amounts of silicate during contact with the intrusion. Hot silicate laden water migrates into surrounding limestone beds where the silica precipitates and CO2 is carried out of the deposit. CaO.SiO2 precipitates and slowly forms characteristic wollastonite crystal structures in what was formerly limestone. This process is called metasomatism.
    The recrystallization into wollastonite occurs over a long period of time (in the order of thousands of years). Subsequent geological events, which involve additional heat, can result in recrystallization and can lead to even more massive crystal structures.
    The simple metamorphic reaction between silica and calcium carbonate to form wollastonite occurs at about 600OC at shallow depths. The temperature required increases with depth (pressure).
    quartz + calcite <--> wollastonite + carbon dioxide
    SiO2 + CaO.CO2 <--> CaO.SiO2 + CO2
    If they are present, ions such as aluminium, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium and sodium can be absorbed to a certain extent into the wollastonite structure during it's formation. Excess amounts of these ions however, will lead to the formation of other minerals such as diopside, feldspars, etc.
    Alternatively other minerals may be formed during secondary alterations by subsequent passage of ground waters or intrusions from subsequent geologic events. These would include garnets, epidote, etc. Subsequent weathering of the deposit may also result in the formation of secondary minerals.

    zircon sand

    Zircon Sand and Powder

    We offer Zircon sand and powder.

    These are used for weld fluxes, refractory, ceramics, ferro alloys, precision investment casting and steel foundry industries.

    Some of its salient features include :


    • Excellent refractoriness with high heat transfer coefficient.
    • Excellent opacifier in ceramics glazes and an antiglare agent in TV tube glass.

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